[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":399},["ShallowReactive",2],{"blog-pcb-antenna-design-en":3,"header-nav-en":63},{"title":4,"description":5,"date":6,"lastUpdated":6,"category":7,"image":8,"readingTime":9,"wordCount":10,"timeRequired":11,"htmlContent":12,"tableOfContents":13,"tags":32,"slug":37,"jsonld":38},"PCB antenna design: choosing and protecting the antenna region","Choose a PCB antenna, plan its layout and interpret prototype measurements in the installed product.","2026-11-08","design","/assets/img/pcb/antenna/pcb-antenna-pcb-hero.webp",8,1407,"PT8M","\u003Cp>An antenna that fits on the PCB drawing may still have to share space with a battery, enclosure and cables. Before releasing the board, choose an architecture that fits the product, preserve its reference geometry and plan how to evaluate the assembled prototype.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Start with the antenna vendor’s reference design and the space available in the finished product. Then reserve the radiator region, feed structure and measurement access together. A late battery or enclosure change can affect that decision even when the antenna artwork itself has not changed.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"choose-an-architecture-against-the-product-constraints\" data-anchor-en=\"choose-an-architecture-against-the-product-constraints\">Choose an architecture against the product constraints\u003C/h2>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>Architecture\u003C/th>\n\u003Cth>When to consider it\u003C/th>\n\u003Cth>What to resolve before layout\u003C/th>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003C/thead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>PCB trace antenna\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>The board has room for the selected reference geometry and the design can accommodate its required surrounding area.\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Radiator shape, board-edge relationship, layer-specific copper rules, feed and ground geometry, and the effect of the enclosure.\u003C/td>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Chip antenna\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>A suitable vendor design fits the available board and product geometry.\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>The component is only part of the antenna system: check its specified land pattern, surrounding clearance, ground, feed and matching arrangement.\u003C/td>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>External antenna\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>An antenna outside the main board better suits the packaging or placement constraints.\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Antenna mounting, cable path, connector access and the effect of the installed assembly.\u003C/td>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>\n\u003Cp>These are starting points, not rankings. A smaller antenna component does not necessarily mean a smaller reserved board region. Likewise, moving an antenna outside the board introduces mechanical and cable decisions that must be accommodated in the product.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>For a PCB or chip antenna, select a reference design that matches the intended application closely enough to evaluate its geometry and materials. The board stackup matters as well as the outline: document the assumptions and review changes with the antenna design requirements in view. See \u003Ca href=\"/en/blog/pcb-stackup-design\">PCB stackup design\u003C/a> for the broader stackup decisions.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"separate-the-radiator-keep-out-from-the-feed-reference\" data-anchor-en=\"separate-the-radiator-keep-out-from-the-feed-reference\">Separate the radiator keep-out from the feed reference\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>One of the most consequential layout mistakes is treating “antenna clearance” as an instruction to remove all copper around the entire RF path.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The \u003Cstrong>radiator keep-out\u003C/strong> is the area where the selected antenna design restricts copper, components or other structures. Its extent can differ by layer. The \u003Cstrong>feed\u003C/strong>, meanwhile, may rely on a defined reference conductor and a particular relationship to the antenna ground. Removing that reference indiscriminately can change the feed structure rather than protect the antenna.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Use the selected reference drawing to answer these questions:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Which layers have copper or component restrictions under and around the radiator?\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Where must ground or reference copper remain near the feed and antenna?\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>How does the radiator relate to the board edge and the rest of the ground geometry?\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>What feed and matching arrangement does the reference design show?\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Which dimensions, materials or assembly features differ from the planned product?\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Do not transfer a clearance, ground cut or matching value from an unrelated antenna example. Texas Instruments AN043, Infineon AN91445 and Silicon Labs AN1088 describe particular designs and layout considerations; their geometries are not interchangeable rules for every antenna.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The selected antenna reference governs the antenna region. For broader fabrication considerations, see \u003Ca href=\"/en/blog/rf-pcb-manufacturing\">RF PCB manufacturing\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"review-the-antenna-region-before-pcb-release\" data-anchor-en=\"review-the-antenna-region-before-pcb-release\">Review the antenna region before PCB release\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Use a baseline drawing with a revision identifier so reviewers can see both the intended design and any departures from it.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>Review item\u003C/th>\n\u003Cth>Record or check before release\u003C/th>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003C/thead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Radiator keep-out\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Mark the restricted region from the selected reference design and identify the objects excluded.\u003C/td>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Feed return and reference copper\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Show where feed reference and antenna ground are required. Check that radiator clearance has not removed copper the feed needs.\u003C/td>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Layer-specific requirements\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Record restrictions and required features for each relevant copper and component layer.\u003C/td>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Enclosure, battery and cables\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Compare the antenna region with the installed positions of nearby product parts, including expected cable routing.\u003C/td>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Test location\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Identify where the feed can be accessed for the planned prototype measurement and how the access relates to the intended calibration plane.\u003C/td>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Baseline reference drawing\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Record the antenna source, document or drawing revision, and the relevant board geometry and material assumptions.\u003C/td>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Documented deviations\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>List differences from the baseline, their reason, and the proposed review or prototype check for each one.\u003C/td>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>\n\u003Cp>This table is a review tool, not evidence that a design will meet a performance target. It makes changes visible while there is still time to revise the layout or prototype plan.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"hypothetical-example-a-24-ghz-sensor\" data-anchor-en=\"hypothetical-example-a-24-ghz-sensor\">Hypothetical example: a 2.4 GHz sensor\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>A compact sensor uses a vendor reference antenna on its PCB. The first mechanical layout places the battery near, but outside, the documented antenna region. The team records the reference drawing revision, the layer-specific radiator restrictions, the feed reference copper and a planned feed measurement location.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Later, the battery is moved closer to make room for another assembly feature. The PCB antenna shape has not changed, but the installed environment has. The team should:\u003C/p>\n\u003Col>\n\u003Cli>Compare the new battery position with the antenna’s documented clearance and the reference design assumptions.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Record the battery move as a change requiring antenna review, including any resulting deviation.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Plan to evaluate the prototype with the battery and enclosure in their intended installed positions, alongside any useful baseline configuration.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ol>\n\u003Cp>The move might or might not materially affect the antenna. The review and proposed test determine what needs attention; the battery’s proximity alone is not a measured result.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"preserve-measurement-access-in-the-prototype\" data-anchor-en=\"preserve-measurement-access-in-the-prototype\">Preserve measurement access in the prototype\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Plan measurement access before the board is released. Identify the intended feed test location, the fixture or connection needed to reach it, and the calibration plane at which the result will be stated. Keep the reference configuration and installed product configuration identifiable so measurements can be compared meaningfully.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>A VNA measurement of \u003Cstrong>S11\u003C/strong> describes reflection at the stated calibration plane. It is useful for examining the feed and antenna match, but it cannot by itself establish radiation efficiency, gain, pattern, range or regulatory compliance. Ground geometry, PCB material, the enclosure and the measurement fixture can all affect results.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"what-to-do-with-the-first-measurement\" data-anchor-en=\"what-to-do-with-the-first-measurement\">What to do with the first measurement\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Compare the measured response across the intended operating band with the project’s own acceptance criteria. Save the board and antenna revisions, calibration plane, cable arrangement, matching-component population and enclosure, battery and cable configuration with each sweep. This makes a later comparison meaningful.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>Observation on the prototype\u003C/th>\n\u003Cth>Next question or action\u003C/th>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003C/thead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>The response differs between the open board and the installed product.\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Check that the measurement setup is repeatable, then compare the recorded mechanical configurations. Review the antenna and matching in the intended installed configuration.\u003C/td>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Reflection is outside the project target across part of the operating band.\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Check calibration and the implemented feed, ground and matching network against the design. Review matching or layout changes with the antenna designer and measure again.\u003C/td>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Reflection meets the project target, but wireless performance is still inadequate.\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>A match alone does not show how efficiently the antenna radiates. Review the complete radio system and use an appropriate radiated test to investigate antenna performance in the product configuration.\u003C/td>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>\n\u003Cp>These observations do not identify a single cause by themselves. TI's \u003Cem>Antenna Selection Guide\u003C/em> discusses calibration, cable effects, reflection measurements and over-the-air measurements for its example designs.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Product-specific radiated testing and applicable regulatory assessment are separate activities. For measurement and tuning before release, see \u003Ca href=\"/en/blog/antenna-tuning-and-trimming\">antenna tuning and trimming\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"prepare-the-fabrication-and-prototype-package\" data-anchor-en=\"prepare-the-fabrication-and-prototype-package\">Prepare the fabrication and prototype package\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Alongside the normal PCB fabrication files, keep the antenna review drawing and deviation list available for technical discussion. Check the board outline, stackup assumptions and antenna-region copper against the selected reference before submitting the design. General fabrication checks are covered in the \u003Ca href=\"/en/blog/dfm-guidelines-for-pcb-layout\">DFM guidelines for PCB layout\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>When requesting a prototype, describe any requirements that need confirmation and ask what is included in the quoted scope. Do not assume that fabrication quotation includes RF testing or antenna tuning.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cdiv data-component=\"BlogQuickQuoteInline\">\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"/en/quote\">Request a PCB quote\u003C/a> or \u003Ca href=\"/en/contact\">contact APTPCB\u003C/a> to discuss the supplied files and confirm the scope.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"primary-references\" data-anchor-en=\"primary-references\">Primary references\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Texas Instruments, \u003Ca href=\"https://www.ti.com/lit/an/swra117d/swra117d.pdf\">AN043: Small Size 2.4 GHz PCB Antenna\u003C/a>, SWRA117D.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Texas Instruments, \u003Ca href=\"https://www.ti.com/lit/an/swra161b/swra161b.pdf\">AN058: Antenna Selection Guide\u003C/a>, SWRA161B.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Infineon, \u003Ca href=\"https://www.infineon.com/assets/row/public/documents/cross-divisions/42/infineon-an91445-antenna-design-and-rf-layout-guidelines-applicationnotes-en.pdf\">AN91445: Antenna Design and RF Layout Guidelines\u003C/a>.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Silicon Labs, \u003Ca href=\"https://www.silabs.com/documents/public/application-notes/an1088-designing-with-pcb-antenna.pdf\">AN1088: Designing with an Inverted-F 2.4 GHz PCB Antenna\u003C/a>.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\n\u003Csection class=\"related-links\" aria-label=\"Related\">\u003Ch3>Related links\u003C/h3>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"/en/blog/pcb-stackup-design\">PCB stackup design\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"/en/blog/rf-pcb-manufacturing\">RF PCB manufacturing\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"/en/blog/antenna-tuning-and-trimming\">antenna tuning and trimming\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"/en/blog/dfm-guidelines-for-pcb-layout\">DFM guidelines for PCB layout\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"/en/quote\">Request a PCB quote\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"/en/contact\">contact APTPCB\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003C/section>",[14,17,20,23,26,29],{"id":15,"text":16},"choose-an-architecture-against-the-product-constraints","Choose an architecture against the product constraints",{"id":18,"text":19},"separate-the-radiator-keep-out-from-the-feed-reference","Separate the radiator keep-out from the feed reference",{"id":21,"text":22},"review-the-antenna-region-before-pcb-release","Review the antenna region before PCB release",{"id":24,"text":25},"preserve-measurement-access-in-the-prototype","Preserve measurement access in the prototype",{"id":27,"text":28},"prepare-the-fabrication-and-prototype-package","Prepare the fabrication and prototype package",{"id":30,"text":31},"primary-references","Primary references",[33,34,35,36],"PCB antenna design","antenna layout","RF PCB","antenna 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