[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":375},["ShallowReactive",2],{"blog-what-is-dielectric-constant-es":3,"header-nav-es":46},{"title":4,"description":5,"date":6,"lastUpdated":6,"category":7,"image":8,"readingTime":9,"wordCount":10,"timeRequired":11,"htmlContent":12,"tags":13,"slug":21,"jsonld":22},"¿Qué es la constante dieléctrica (Dk)? Fórmula, unidades y uso en PCB","Constante dieléctrica (permitividad relativa) explicada: fórmula, unidades, valores para aire, FR-4 y laminados RF, y su impacto en la impedancia de PCB.","2026-10-09T00:00:00.000Z","Tecnología","/assets/img/pcb/high-frequency/pcb-high-frequency-pcb-hero.webp",3,453,"PT3M","\u003Cp>En electrónica de alta velocidad y radiofrecuencia (RF), el sustrato dieléctrico que soporta las pistas de cobre actúa como un medio electromagnético activo. El parámetro fundamental que define la velocidad y propagación de las señales es la \u003Cstrong>constante dieléctrica\u003C/strong>, abreviada como \u003Cstrong>Dk\u003C/strong> o denotada como permitividad relativa $\\varepsilon_r$.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Tanto para calcular una línea de transmisión de 50 Ω como para sincronizar pares diferenciales de alta velocidad, conocer la definición, fórmula y tolerancia de Dk es vital.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Este artículo describe la física de la constante dieléctrica, las fórmulas asociadas, la comparación de sustratos y cuándo conviene pasar a \u003Ca href=\"/es/pcb/high-frequency-pcb\">PCB de alta frecuencia\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"puntos-clave\" data-anchor-en=\"key-takeaways\">Puntos clave\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Definición de Dk:\u003C/strong> Relación entre la energía electrostática almacenada en el material y la almacenada en el vacío bajo un campo eléctrico.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Unidades y símbolo:\u003C/strong> Al ser un cociente de permitividades ($\\varepsilon / \\varepsilon_0$), la constante dieléctrica es \u003Cstrong>adimensional\u003C/strong> (no tiene unidades). Símbolo: $\\varepsilon_r$ o Dk.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Velocidad de propagación:\u003C/strong> La velocidad de señal es inversamente proporcional a la raíz de la constante dieléctrica efectiva: $v_p = c / \\sqrt{\\varepsilon_{\\text{eff}}}$.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Impedancia característica:\u003C/strong> Un Dk mayor exige trazos más finos para conservar 50 Ω a igual espesor de dieléctrico.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Dispersión con la frecuencia:\u003C/strong> El Dk decrece conforme aumenta la frecuencia de la señal.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cdiv data-component=\"BlogQuickQuoteInline\">\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Ch2 id=\"tabla-comparativa-de-materiales-de-pcb\" data-anchor-en=\"what-is-dielectric-constant-definition-and-symbol\">Tabla comparativa de materiales de PCB\u003C/h2>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>Material\u003C/th>\n\u003Cth>Referencia / Tipo\u003C/th>\n\u003Cth align=\"right\">Dk (1 GHz)\u003C/th>\n\u003Cth align=\"right\">Dk (10 GHz)\u003C/th>\n\u003Cth align=\"right\">Factor de pérdida (Df @ 10 GHz)\u003C/th>\n\u003Cth>Aplicación\u003C/th>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003C/thead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>Vacío\u003C/strong>\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Referencia ideal\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd align=\"right\">1,0000\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd align=\"right\">1,0000\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd align=\"right\">0,0000\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Base física\u003C/td>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>Aire\u003C/strong>\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Aire seco\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd align=\"right\">1,0006\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd align=\"right\">1,0006\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd align=\"right\">~0,0000\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Líneas coaxiales\u003C/td>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>PTFE puro\u003C/strong>\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Teflón sin carga\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd align=\"right\">2,10\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd align=\"right\">2,10\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd align=\"right\">0,0004\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Radares de microondas\u003C/td>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>PTFE reforzado\u003C/strong>\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Rogers RT/duroid 5880\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd align=\"right\">2,20\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd align=\"right\">2,20\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd align=\"right\">0,0009\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Comunicaciones satelitales\u003C/td>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>Cerámica hidrocarburo\u003C/strong>\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Rogers RO4350B\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd align=\"right\">3,66\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd align=\"right\">3,48\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd align=\"right\">0,0037\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Estaciones 5G, radar 24 GHz\u003C/td>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>Epoxi alta velocidad\u003C/strong>\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Panasonic Megtron 6\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd align=\"right\">3,71\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd align=\"right\">3,65\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd align=\"right\">0,0040\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Backplanes 112G, PCIe 5.0\u003C/td>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>FR-4 estándar\u003C/strong>\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Kingboard KB-6160\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd align=\"right\">4,40\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd align=\"right\">4,15\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd align=\"right\">0,0200\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Consumo y control industrial\u003C/td>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>Cerámica Al2O3\u003C/strong>\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Alúmina pura\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd align=\"right\">9,80\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd align=\"right\">9,60\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd align=\"right\">0,0008\u003C/td>\n\u003Ctd>Módulos de potencia\u003C/td>\n\u003C/tr>\n\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"faq\">Preguntas frecuentes (FAQ)\u003C/h2>\n\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Q: ¿Tiene unidades la constante dieléctrica?\u003C/strong>\nA: No, es una magnitud adimensional porque las unidades de Faradios por metro se cancelan mutuamente en la fracción.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Q: ¿Por qué varía el Dk del FR-4?\u003C/strong>\nA: El FR-4 está compuesto de fibra de vidrio ($Dk \\approx 6{,}0$) y resina epoxi ($Dk \\approx 3{,}2$). La proporción de resina del tejido preimpregnado define el Dk final.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Csection class=\"related-links\" aria-label=\"Related\">\u003Ch3>Related links\u003C/h3>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"/es/pcb/high-frequency-pcb\">PCB de alta frecuencia\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003C/section>",[14,15,16,17,18,19,20],"Constante dieléctrica","Materiales PCB","Permitividad relativa","PCB de alta frecuencia","Control de impedancia","FR4 Dk","Integridad de señal","what-is-dielectric-constant",{"blog":23,"breadcrumb":32,"faq":45},{"@context":24,"@type":25,"headline":4,"description":5,"image":8,"url":26,"datePublished":6,"dateModified":6,"timeRequired":11,"keywords":27,"articleSection":7,"author":28,"publisher":31},"https://schema.org","BlogPosting","https://aptpcb.com/es/blog/what-is-dielectric-constant","Constante dieléctrica, Materiales PCB, Permitividad relativa, PCB de alta frecuencia, Control de impedancia, FR4 Dk, Integridad de 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